Antibiotic Basics: What They Are and When to Use Them

Antibiotics are medicines that kill or stop bacteria from growing. They don’t work on viruses, so they won’t help with a cold or the flu. Doctors prescribe them when you have a bacterial infection that could get worse without treatment, like strep throat, urinary tract infections, or pneumonia.

Knowing when an antibiotic is right can save you from side effects and help keep these drugs effective for everyone. Below you’ll find the most common types, how they work, and simple steps to use them safely.

Common Types of Antibiotics

Penicillins (e.g., amoxicillin, penicillin) are the go‑to for many ear, skin, and throat infections. They’re usually taken by mouth and are safe for most people, but some folks have allergies.

Cephalosporins (like cephalexin) act like a bigger penicillin family. Doctors often switch to them if you’re allergic to penicillin but need a similar drug.

Macrolides (azithromycin, clarithromycin) are good for people who can’t take penicillins. They’re also popular for treating atypical pneumonia and certain sexually transmitted infections.

Fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin) are powerful and work on a wide range of bacteria. Because they can affect tendons and nerves, doctors reserve them for serious infections when other options won’t work.

Tetracyclines (doxycycline, tetracycline) are often used for acne, Lyme disease, and respiratory infections. They’re taken with food or water to avoid stomach upset.

Staying Safe: Avoiding Resistance

Antibiotic resistance happens when bacteria learn to survive a drug’s attack. It’s a growing problem, but you can play a part in stopping it.

• Take the full course. Even if you feel better after a few days, finish the prescription. Stopping early lets some bacteria survive and become stronger.
• Don’t use leftovers. Never save an old bottle for a new illness. Different infections need different drugs, dosages, and lengths.
• Never share antibiotics. What works for your friend might not work for you, and sharing spreads resistant germs.
• Ask questions. If your doctor prescribes an antibiotic, ask why it’s needed and what side effects to watch for.
• Follow dosing instructions. Take the medicine at the right times, with or without food as directed, to keep blood levels steady.

Side effects are usually mild – think upset stomach or a yeast infection – but severe reactions like allergic rash or trouble breathing need immediate medical help.

Finally, keep a list of any drug allergies and share it with every provider you see. This simple step prevents accidental prescriptions of a drug that could harm you.

Antibiotics are life‑saving when used right. Understanding the basics, picking the right class, and following safety rules makes sure they stay effective for you and for the next person who needs them.